Portraits By Warhol Essay Example For Students

Representations By Warhol Essay A portion of the representations that were finished by Warhol started with Troy Donahue and Warren Beatty, and Elvis Presley. Afterwards on came Marilynn Monroe and Jackie Kennedy. There was likewise a progression of auto accident pictures done around this time. The Jackie Kennedy pictures were done soon after the death of President Kennedy. They reflected the grieving essence of Jackie that was demonstrated over and over in the media. There were eight distinct pictures that were completely taken from various papers at that point. The quantity of works in this arrangement is as yet obscure. (Hag pg 29)The fender bender pictures had an extraordinary measure of variety. They went from having one picture to a canvas to having up to twenty on a similar canvas at once. There are a wide range of hued pictures in this set. The most significant change starting with one then onto the next is the foundation shading. It is hard for pundits to put the start of the importance of this arrangement of works. (Hag pg 29)The arrangement including the hot seats has an intense political proclamation. It is an image of abuse of administrative sway; it has additionally been thought of and open admission of a lack in social turn of events. (Hag) About a similar time as the hot seat pictures were being appeared there were numerous other very upsetting arrangements of pictures being appeared. They were of race riots and many were taken straightforwardly from paper articles of the Nazi Germany and Castro’s unrest in Cuba. (Hag pg 29)One of the last sequential sets that Warhol made before proceeding onward from painting was of blossoms. The blossoms were delivered in an outrageous assortment of sizes and amounts. These were in plain view in 1964. The first blossoms were taken from a ladies magazine. In contrast to a large portion of his previous works, these multiplications were cleaned up by hand on the screen. These are additionally extraordinary in that they don't speak to anyt hing to Warhol. They are carefully beautifying. The hues utilized in the artwork aren’t used to represent anything besides just to bring out shading in adornment. In all there were around 900 of the blossom painting made in Warhol’s studio, â€Å"The Factory†. These were among the absolute last of Warhol’s works of art, in an amazing rest he focused on film making. (Hag pg 30)During Warhol’s life his work has been dubious. He has gotten progressively perceived and popular after his demise in 1987. I imagine that his motivation for being a craftsman appeared to be not the same as that of different craftsmen. I’m not persuaded he painted and recorded for the love of the craftsmanship or such a great amount for his motivation in doing it. I think he had a message he needed to get across and this was the medium through which he decided to communicate. Folklore Essays

A Report On The Globalization of the Construction Industry free essay sample

Globalization on the development business as far as related Issues, which influence the general bulling market. The Influence of globalization on the development Industry Is the change of nearby and provincial markets Into one worldwide market. Affecting neighborhood development Industry In giving open development exchange. The globalization influences the qualities and structure of universal development action with issues relating the difficulties from the worldwide atmosphere. The focus on the global development industry is to give the gracefully and request of related products and reconsider required to embrace the vital ventures. The development business is a significant supporter of the around the world. The drawn out goals of any organizations are endurance and development. By taking part in worldwide exchange and advertising exercises organizations become less powerless against serious assaults as they can balance occasional and repeating vacillations in their residential market and can differentiate in their market portfolio, items or administrations just as serious position. We will compose a custom article test on A Report On The Globalization of the Construction Industry or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Such exercises Increase the size of a companys piece of the overall industry, there by accomplishing endurance ND growth.Markets are characterized as conservative spots of exchange where cost are framed through the Interaction of flexibly and interest for a decent. This hypothetical perception put in a safe spot, there is no basic and down to earth meaning of a market. Modern association hypothesis moves toward the issue from the point of view of products by characterizing them as a heap of trademark, for example, quality, area, time, accessibility, customers data and so forth. Also, the separates advertise as indicated by a constrained subset of normal for these goods.Changes in the present economy in the previous decades and sooner rather than later have been introducing new difficulties to the development business. The capacity of the development organizations to react to them will have noteworthy Implications for the organizations to preferred position of the open doors these difficulties present. The patterns that have connection to the development Industry Include: Globalization on the development business as far as related issues , which influence the general structure showcase. The impact of globalization on the development business is he change of nearby and provincial markets into one worldwide market.Impacting neighborhood development industry in giving open development exchange. The globalization administrations required to attempt the important tasks. The development Industry Is a significant supporter of the around the world. The drawn out targets of any organizations are endurance and development. By taking part in global assaults as they can counterbalance regular and patterned variances in their local market and can enhance in their market portfolio, items or administrations too s serious position.Such exercises increment the size of a companys piece of the pie, there by accomplishing endurance and development. Markets are characterized as efficient spots of exchange where cost are shaped through the association of flexibly and interest for a decent. This hypothetical perception put in a safe spot, there is no basic and reasonable meaning of a market. Modern association hypothesis moves toward the issue from the point of view of merchandise by characterizing them as a heap of trademark, for example, quality, area, time, accessibility, customers data and so forth. D the separates showcase as per a constrained subset of normal for these merchandise. Changes in the present economy in the previous decades and sooner rather than later have been introducing new difficulties to the development business. The capacity of the development organizations to react to them will have huge ramifications for the organizations to favorable position of the open doors these difficulties present. The patterns that have connection to the development business include: The development business is a significant supporter of the world wide.The long haul exchange and showcasing exercises organizations become less defenseless against serious administrations required to attempt the fundamental tasks. The development business is an exercises increment the size of a companys piece of the pie, there by accomplishing endurance framed through the association of gracefully and interest for a decent. This hypothetical will have huge ramifications for the organizations to preferr ed position of the open doors these difficulties present. The patterns that have connection to the development business include:

IELTS Essay Sample With Answers - How to Find IELTS Essay Samples With Answers

IELTS Essay Sample With Answers - How to Find IELTS Essay Samples With AnswersIt can be hard to find IELTS essay samples with answers. The problem is not a matter of not having the right questions for the test, it is that some teachers provide poor examples of good writing. There are some things you can do to prepare yourself and get practice answers before taking the IELTS exam.If you are not happy with the way you write, then you probably are not ready to take the test. The IELTS is an English proficiency test, not an essay test. You should focus on your writing skills instead of worrying about trying to look smart.Once you know how you write, it is a good idea to go through the question and answer sections in the guide book, or at least the paragraphs. Most questions will have a paragraph about what you should write. The questions will ask you to put together a brief statement on your own before giving you a longer one.The answer explanations will be helpful but it is important to get a few good examples of how they should be written before taking the test. Start with the essay tests that will be asked in your country. Keep looking for questions and answers that contain the IELTS test format.Use some internet research for IELTS essay tests. The best way to make sure that you can accurately answer each question is to look at some examples. In addition, there are some tests that have a hidden passage and the passage questions are harder to guess.English is the main language that will be used in the test. Use the use of the sentence to describe the fact. Try to use the word order to express the relation between the subject and the verb or vice versa.Focus on the pattern of words and how they flow and form words. Try to be concise, using fewer words. The IELTS is a verbal test so use it to focus on grammar skills.When you are ready to take the IELTS, you will get practice essay samples with answers. These are much better than just having to remember a list of qu estions. They will give you practice and help you prepare for the test.

Feelings of World War I - 2002 Words

â€Å"We live in the trenches out there. We fight. We try not to be killed, but sometimes we are. Thats all.† Paul Bà ¤umer, the main protagonist of the movie, â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front.† Existence on this earth has turned out to be one of the worst decisions that human kind has ever grasped on. We take a glimpse of the world around us and see nothing but hatred, detestation and greed surrounding our human lives. The main factor for revulsion to be brought up is the power that leaders want to take hold of today and so they create a diversion, such as an example like the World War I and in this case, the rivalry between Germany and France. However, war isn’t about a battle being won through force or cupidity, to regain a land such as Alsace†¦show more content†¦Our trenches are deep and at regular intervals along the trench a firing step would be positioned so that the soldiers could stand on it to see over the top of the trench and fire a weapon into no-man’s land. Some would ‘go over the top’ and sacrifice their life because the trenches were regularly flooded, and we sleep in such inhospitable conditions. Corpses of colleagues onc e living, scattered around the trench, would pass on diseases as well as bring parasites such as lice, maggots, fleas etc. But even though our life is in ruins, it is better to take your chances in the open than stay barricaded inside. If you’re blown up, you’re blown up. But, its better to die than be like inexperienced new recruits who get amputated legs, shot, and are thrown in a ditch.† A young soldier wrote this extract in his diary hoping that one day it would reach his family. He talked nothing but torture about how the way war life was treating him. The dead were unburied as the shells covered them; the honor they were suppose to receive was all talk; the cigars they had all ran out; and most of all, the feeling of returning home never left a soldiers mind. Catholic hospitals were filled with men with amputated legs, lost hands and even sicknesses that were obtained from the war trenches. While the cross lay above them, another bunch of solders were left on the railway tracks, as thereShow MoreRelatedInfluence of Ww1 on the Artwork of Early 20th Century754 Words   |  4 Pages1914, Germany declared war on Russia, and on the 3rd, declared war on France. Starting at the top of the previous page the first piece of artwork I chose to review is Max Beckmanns piece Der Kriegsausbruch (Declaration of War), created in 1914 as the declarations of war had just been announced. This is a drawing depicting the reaction of passers-by in Berlin to the news of war being declared. I chose this piece specifically because of the sketchy style of drawing. I find that the loosenessRead MoreThe Two World Wars : The Causes Of Business Analysis757 Words   |  4 PagesThe Two World Wars - Unfinished Business The causes of war have been long looked at by many historians down through the years. These studies have left people to believe that war will come in time, and those same people know and understand it will come with a great price to all. One does not look up one day and find that there is war. However, there are lingering effects of some other things not properly taken care of at the time of war or conflict. Some of the problems left from the wars in the earlyRead More All Quiet on the Western Front Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagessoldier dying on the battlefield will think hard before starting a war.† Many of the preceding war novels to All Quiet on the Western Front, misrepresented or overlooked the anguish of war, in favor of more resplendent ideals such as glory, honor, or nationalism. The predominant issue of All Quiet on the Western Front is the terrible atrocities of war. The reality that is portrayed in the novel is that there was no glory or honor in this war, only a fi erce barbarity that actually transformed the natureRead MoreSimilarities Between Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, And Wilfred Owen1531 Words   |  7 PagesCastle Senior High School World War I Poetry How it changed during the war Abby Schaubroeck Honors World Cultures Period 3 Ms. Beck 19 May 2017 Over the course of the war the perspective of literature, in specifically poetry, changed. Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen all share one common bond: these men were war poets. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the term â€Å"war poet† means â€Å"a poet writing at the time of and on the subject of war, especially one on militaryRead MoreWar Poems954 Words   |  4 PagesWar is a time of violence, protest, death and pain for many people around the world. With this conflict, a lot of poetry is written because poetry is one of the most common ways for people to put across their feelings about situations. War is one of these situations for which many people have very strong feelings. A common theme in war poetry is the transformation that war brings about in a person. Many poems reveal boys going into war and becoming young men after the experience. Another dominantRead MoreDisillusionment and Rebellion in Modernism1502 Words   |  7 Pagesmasses by illuminating common feelings of disillusionment and rebellion through artistic forms.† Argue with reference to two poems of T.S Eliot and one additional text of you choosing. Rebellion and Disillusionment were fundamental feelings expressed by Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They came about as a result of a myriad of factors including; industrialisation, urbanisation, technological advances, militaristic tension and eventually World War I. The importance of the ModernistRead MoreThe Metamorphosis Isolation Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesFranz Kafka’s feelings of isolation throughout his life caused him to portray characters in his writing as outcasts as a result. The basis of Kafka’s novel The Metamorphosis is the effects of isolation on man and it’s impact on life. The use of modernism in Kafka’s writing was a reflection of the characteristic shift from the beauty and innocence of romanticism to the cold harsh reality of life after World War I. Kafka’s lifelong alienation intersects with his work where he draws on his personalRead MoreWorld War I Was One Of The Most Drastic Events During Amer ican History Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War I was one of the most drastic events in American history. It had an unequaled contribution to shaping modern-day American culture. â€Å"WWI and American Art† successfully documents a fragile moment in American History from the Perspective of the visual artist. The curators achieve this by communicating some important historical facts. This review intends to expound on how these works exemplify these facts and to provide a criticism of its effectiveness. The exhibition is organized systematicallyRead MoreThe Happy Warrior by Herbert Read1223 Words   |  5 Pages World War I was a war full of combat, devastation, and death. It was not just any war. A total of over 37 million people were killed, a combination of civilians and soldiers. Soldiers went to battle every single day, not knowing which day would be their last. Soldiers werent just fighting for their countries, they were fighting for their families and their lives. The reality of war had tumultuous effects on everyone who lived during that time. It had devastating effects on economies and societiesRead MoreTheme Of Soldiers Home By Ernest Hemingway1018 Words   |  5 Pagesof the scars war can have on a solider. A theme that â€Å"Soldier’s Home† and â€Å"In Another Country† has in common, dealing with the effect of War World 1 is the unwilling feeling to love and socialize with those around them. In â€Å"Soldier’s Home†, Harold Krebs, th e main character, continuously shows himself pushing his family away. Alienating himself from his family that see him as a hero. In â€Å"In Another Country† the Major loses his wife, even though it was not because she was killed at war. The loss of

Is The Outside World Really Just Another Cave - 1321 Words

Christopher Gallanty Professor Nico Veroli Philosophy 101L-141 6 October 2014 Is the Outside World Really Just Another Cave? The great philosopher Plato had just several main theories or concepts he preached to all that would listen. Theory of the forms, also known as theory of ideas is one of the most popular and arguably most controversial in my mind. Although there are many instances where Plato seems to prove this theory veracious, there are several that contradict such a theory and can create an argument against it. I believe that the Theory of Forms is sound but has an underlying issue with â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† falsely analyzing and contradicting its true meaning. Plato believed that both the worlds of seen and unseen†¦show more content†¦They might state that the horse is beautiful and explain the characters behind their opinion, but technically it is simply a â€Å"copy† of one horse that was first thought of by the creator himself. Just as when one is attempting to draw their idea of a perfect circle. N o topic how many attempts, or tries one makes of it, they will never follow because in reality they will only fall short every time. All objects, humans or anything in between being imperfect in this instance. In the eyes of Plato all things in the world were a â€Å"shadow† of the perfect version itself. This is where in â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† actuality is the idea of the object, not the physical being itself. The theory itself can be seen as worth nothing due to the fact that no mortal can understand involvement or the perfect ideal accurately. Equally, I will touch on later, it is the job of the informed to educate the ignorant and get them out of the â€Å"cave†. â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† is the greatest example for the Theory of forms itself. The allegory is described as several men chained up inside of a cave, all of their life they face a blank wall. The prisoners watch shadows pass in front of them that are created by other individu als using a fire as a delusion. These shadows are the closest thing these people will ever get to

The National Liberation Army (ELN) - 587 Words

The National Liberation Army (ELN) was established July, 4th 1964 by college students and a group of radical, Catholic clergy that were inspired by the revolution that took place in Cuba (Stanford, 2012). Since its inception, the ELN have had an ongoing rivalry with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC), due to a constant power struggle between the two groups. The ELN operate in Columbia additionally, they have ties to Cuba, as well as other Latin American countries. The objective of the ELN is to topple the current Colombian government and establish a communist model (Stanford, 2012). The ELN’s motivation stems primarily from the revolution in Cuba, as well as a large Catholic influence. Historically, Colombia has opposed the ELN and their attempts at gaining power within the country. However, there has been corruption by government and military officials. The corruption comes in the way of support for the ELN (Stanford, 2012). Regardless of the corruption, the Colombian government is currently making strides to begin peace talks with the ELN in 2014; however, no specific dates have been established. (Insight crime, n.d.). The ELN operates as a paramilitary force with many different tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP’s), like that of other guerilla forces. One primary offense tactic for the ELN is to employ improvised explosive devices. In the past the ELN has used the explosive devices to bomb oil pipelines as a show of force (Insight Crime, n.d.).Show MoreRelatedThe National Liberation Army739 Words   |  3 PagesThe FARC and the ELN are two Colombian groups that started as just revel groups but later became more of a terrorist group. Both of them have had a serious impact in Colombia’s history, and therefore in the oil industry’s history. Even though, they might not planned to have an effect in the oil sector, they have definitely been a deteriorated the growth of the industry. The National Liberation Army or as it is most commonly known the ELN, was formed in Colombia after the age of the â€Å"violencia† inRead MoreEssay about The Colombian Conflict1608 Words   |  7 Pageson for more than half a century, approximately originated in the early 1950’s. It is a war between the government, various parliamentary groups and left-wing guerrillas such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), for the struggle of political power and economic/social rights. Since its origin, the war has involved multiple agendas of power, drugs, violence and greed. It is about time the world takes a serious effort in resolving this ongoing conflictRead MoreEssay on Columbia1712 Words   |  7 Pagessignificant portion of American youth. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, in the year 2001, 19.5 percent of 8th Grade students, 37.2 percent of high school students in their sophomore year, and 41.4 pe rcent of high school seniors used illegal drugs (Information). Illegal drugs, most of which come from Colombia, are poisoning the American youth. Drugs cause more than just the immediate problem of addiction. According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, sexually transmitted diseasesRead MoreConflict in Colombia1277 Words   |  5 Pageswould cost over 200,000 lives of Colombians. To repress this extremely violent uprising, Liberal and Conservative elites formed an alliance, and implemented a power sharing agreement called the National Front. This allowed both parties to hold interchanging presidency in Colombia. These years of the National Front repressed the uprisings, but still left a struggle for the lower-class and peasants in Colombia, deeming the alliance a failed attempt to have peace and equality in the country. To protectRead MoreThe Ongoing Colombian Conflict1583 Words   |  6 PagesColombian Conflict is a long drawn out, ongoing low-intensity intrastate war betw een the Colombian goverment, paramilitary troops, crime syndicates and left-wing guerrillas such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), with the Colombian goverment and the paramilitary troops combatting against the guerrillas. Its origins can be traced back to 1964. Since its inception, tens of thousands of people have been killed, injured or kidnapped and hundreds ofRead MoreTerrorism Influences1537 Words   |  7 Pagesterrorists to exploit and take advantage of. Some of these conditions are real and some are made-up. Through the last 200 years, the concept of terrorism has been used to as a reference to political motivations and has been used a way to obtain liberation, oppression, and international global politics (â€Å"State Of Delaware†, 2012). Since the terrorist attacks, police departments have adopted homeland security measures. Every police department has a homeland security measure and also added countert errorismRead MoreU.s. Relations With Colombia1022 Words   |  5 PagesColombia, an analysis of the conflict in Colombia has to be made to protect the U.S national interest. Historically, the relations between U.S and Colombia have been marked the foreign policy and the international trade. Nevertheless, the civil war in Colombia have shifted this relation. In Colombia, the establishment of The Revolutionary Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the leftist National Liberation Army (ELN) during the 1960s created the beginning of an era of terrorist and drug trafficking.Read MoreColombia And The Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia2220 Words   |  9 Pagesis presented by the National Liberation Army (ELN). Founded in the 1960’s, the ELN is a communist rebel group with a similar background to the FARC. An alliance between the two groups was formed in 2008, and it is likely that the ELN will attempt to fill the void left open by the FARC upon demobilization. As many â€Å"coca farmers have been able to grow in relative comfort because of FARC’s protection,† it would be simple for the ELN to take their place, at least for a time. The ELN is also participatingRead MoreBlood Banana Case1006 Words   |  5 Pageswhich the business of bananas was booming had a very important role to play with Chiquita’s conviction. At that time, Columbia was in a very unstable political environment. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) and alter the National Liberation Army (ELN) were constantly fighting. The cultural presumption of â€Å"no law† made it less challenging or morally okay for Chiquita to get caught up in the no law land and make unethical decisions. The bananas industry was very prevalent at the timeRead MoreDrug Trafficking Has Caused The Coffee Industry Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesguerillas’ goal was to overthrow the government and replace it with communist ideals; one of their goals was land distribution in favor of the poor. The main guerrilla group was the Armed Revolutionary Forces of Colombia (FARC), and a smaller National Liberation Army (ELN) existed as well. The right-wing parliamentary groups came into existence to resist the left-wing guerillas in the 1980s, though they wanted to overthrow the Colombian government as well. The leaders of these groups were also commonly the

Payola Scandal Rocks free essay sample

It is the illegal practice of payment or other inducement by record companies for the broadcast of recordings on music radio, in which the song is presented as being part of the normal days broadcast. A radio station can play a specific song in exchange for money, but this must be disclosed on the air as being sponsored airtime, and that playing of the song should not be counted as a regular play.    The number of times the songs are played can influence the perceived popularity of a song. The term Payola is a play on the words pay and Victrola, meaning to bribe to play on the radio Victrola was a phonograph made in the early 1920s by the Victor Talking Machine Company of Camden, New Jersey, and became a word used for radio-phonograph combinations of all types with an enclosed listening horn or speaker in the cabinet, just as Kleenex is used for all facial tissue paper in a box. Payola means a bribe to influence the programming content of a broadcast radio, television or cable television program and is a federal misdemeanor. It actually began in 1958, with the infamous game show scandals, in which federal investigators revealed that the wildly popular NBC- TV show Twenty-One and $64,000 Question were rigged. That scandal led to the investigation of similar practices in radio. On January 25, 1960†¦the National Association of Broadcasters proposed that radio disc jockeys accepting payment from record labels for broadcasting particular songs would be charged a $500 fine and spend a year in prison. The practice, known as payola, had provoked an extensive investigation by the   National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) . In May 1960, disc jockey and TV personality Alan Freed, who coined the term rock n roll, was arrested along with seven other people on suspicion of commercial bribery. Freed had refused to sign an affidavit in 1959, denying that he had accepted payola, which was not against the law at that time. He said he would accept a gift if he had helped someone, but he would not take a bribe to play a record. He was charged with 26 counts of commercial bribery, but got off with a   fine. Radio disc jockey Dick Clark, in testimony before a House subcommittee, denied involvement in the payola radio scandal of 1959 and 1960. Clark, one of the top two deejays in the country had much to lose, and quickly gave up all his musical interests when ordered to do so by ABC-TV. In testimony, statistician Bernard Goldsmith†¦brought in by Clark†¦stated that Clark had a 27% interest in records played in the past 28 months and those records had a 23% popularity rating. The committee was stunned as they wondered what came first the chicken or the egg Clark testified that the only reason he had gotten involved with those businesses were for the tax advantages. He admitted a $125 investment in Jamie records returned a profit of $11,900 and of the 163 songs he had rights to, 143 were given to him. When questioned about Jamie Records, it was discovered that Jamie paid out $15,000   in payola, but Clark denied ever accepting any. The committee clearly did not believe Clark†¦but he received a slap on the wrist. In fact, committee chairman Orin Hatch called Clark a fine young man. THE SORDID HISTORY OF PAYOLA In 2003, Cliff Doerksen of the Washington City Paper, wrote that payola isnt really back just back in the news. Payola has been a constant universal part of the economy of popular music for about 125 years, and the likelihood that legislators will be able to do anything constructive about it is about a high as the odds of winning the war on drugs. It was old when ragtime was new, and it still will be going strong long after rock n roll has died. Generations of reformers have gone up against payola and those few who have accomplished anything lasting have succeeded only in making things worse. Turning a song into money requires repetitive exposure. No matter how infectious a tune might be, it wont go anywhere with the masses until they get to hear it†¦a lot. Accordingly, a firm with a promising new number on its hands was obliged to prime the pump by paying to have the song performed until such time as popular demand for it became self sustaining and the bucks began rolling in a process known as putting a song over. Prior to the advent of radio, song-plugging campaigns entailed the orchestrated outlay of cash bribes and/or other emoluments a new suit or dress, some luggage, a case of liquor, a piece of the song royalties, the services of a prostitute to flesh-and-blood performers. By far the most important of these were itinerant vaudevillians, who, once paid†¦would carry a publishers song clear across the continent, exposing it one performance at a time from the stages of hundreds of theaters to a cumulative audience of millions. The bigger the star, the more valuable were his or her services as a song promoter. Headliners working the big-time circuits stood to make as much or more from his song plugging as they did from their theatrical salaries. But smaller performers were also in line to receive their share of the graft. This was true even of performers whose talents were not primarily musical. Dancers, jugglers and conjurers, for example, worked to music†¦and music publishers found it worthwhile to assist them in selecting appropriate accompaniment for their acts. On the local level, practically anyone involved in mediating between the music industry and the public stood to benefit from the largess of the publishers. Cabaret singers and dance bands were all on the take. But, so was the blind busker whose one talent was winding the crank of a wheezing curbside barrel organ; ditto the guy in charge of stocking the rolls in the coin-operated player piano in saloons and penny arcades. There were a million other angles to the song-plugging racket, but the point stands:   Payola was already a ubiquitous feature of urban life. It was also legal†¦although interpreted even then as a symptom of the ethical bankruptcy of those in control of the music industry. Paying somebody to place a song before the public dates to the early days of the modern popular music industry. At the height of the scandal, Billboard magazine claimed that payola in various forms had been common during the big band era of the 1930s and 1940s and in the vaudeville business in the 20s. Be that as it may, payola on the scale that became apparent during the 50s was the product of a unique conjunction of circumstances the emergence of rock n roll, the introduction of the inexpensive 45 RPM single, radios shift to Top 40 music once television commandeered drama, postwar prosperity, and the arrival of teenagers as an economic force. In the 50s, records were taking over from live performance as the principle way to hear†¦and sell†¦music. Record industry moguls were well aware that teenagers had cash, loved rock n roll, listened to the radio, and were easily stampeded into buying hit records by popular deejays. The question was how best to exploit that fickle market. At the time, a major record company might release upwards of a hundred singles a week. Then, as now, maybe 10 percent of those would become hits, or at least make a profit for the label. Radio air play was the easiest way for an artist to get exposure and sell records, but with singles pouring into the stations at such a fast clip, labels needed a way to distinguish their songs from those of their competitors. Since this was before the era of MTV and slick promotions, bribery seemed the way to go. Record labels hired promoters who paid deejays to feature songs by favored artists. Will the practice of payola continue? Its debatable. Its not common now, and with so many radio stations owned by conglomerates, theres less opportunity for the local market deal making that was so prevalent in payolas heyday.